Effect of active and heat-killed Clostridium butyricum on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation, and microbiota varying with pH levels

s: Increasing media pH would favor rumen fermentation and alter bacterial community. Although both ACB and ICB have the potential to stimulate rumen fermentation in a dose-dependent manner, their effects vary with different media pH levels. Moreover, both ACB and ICB rarely caused changes to the rumen bacterial community.