Systematic Review of Surgical Success, Complications, Revision Rates, Radiation Dosage, and Operative Time of 3D-Navigated versus Non-Navigated Spinal Procedures

The 3D navigation in spinal procedures has higher surgical success rates than two-dimensional fluoroscopy and freehand navigation. Included studies exhibited varying limitations, including no patient follow-up (n = 1), less than 10 patients (n = 6), various types of spinal disorders (n = 1), and varying comorbidities among participants (n = 2). Improving 3D navigation tools remains imperative to decrease operative time and radiation exposure.