The proteasome: a protein‐destroying machine

Most cellular proteins are targeted for degradation by the proteasome, a eukaryotic ATP-dependent protease, after they have been covalently attached to ubiquitin (Ub) in the form of a poly Ub chain functioning as a degradation signal. The proteasome is an unusually large multisubunit proteolytic complex, consisting of a central catalytic machine (called the 20S proteasome) and two terminal regulatory subcomplexes, termed PA700 or PA28, that are attached to both ends of the central portion in opposite orientations, to form enzymatically active proteasomes. The large assembled proteasome acts as a protein-destroying machine responsible for the selective breakdown of numerous ubiquitinylated cellular proteins and certain nonubiquitinylated proteins. To date, proteolysis mediated by the Ub-proteasome pathway has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of biologically important processes, such as the cell cycle, apoptosis, metabolism, signal transduction, immune response and protein quality control, implying that it functions as a previously unrecognized regulatory system for determining the final fate of protein factors involved in these biological reactions.