Cuminaldehyde induces oxidative stress-mediated physical damage and death of Haemonchus contortus

Cuminaldehyde (CA), a monoterpenoid, preset in many plant sources including cumin, induces reactive oxygen-related damage and death in Haemonchus contortus, a parasitic worm with an LD50, values of 127.3 ± 7.5, 184.5 ± 12.1 and 104.1 ± 7.9 μg/mL for an adult female, adult male worms (12 h) and L3 larvae, respectively (24 h). Fifty percent of inhibition of egg hatching (IC50) was obtained at 142.4 ± 11.4 μg/mL after 48 h of exposure. Scanning electron microscopy revealed physical damage to the anterior and posterior ends, intestinal, ovarian, and esophageal regions of the warms on exposure to ca. The exposure of worms to CA also led to a systemic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 3 h. The better activity was seen with CA compared to standard antihelminthic drug albendazole (Alb). 74 μg/mL CA showed 2.3 fold more increase of catalase (CAT), 0.61 fold increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), 3.3 fold increase of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and 17.5 fold increase of glutathione (GSH) activity in comparison with Alb (500 μg/mL) for the same time of exposure (3 h). A firm increase of (2.9 fold) was also observed in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity within 12 h of exposure with CA (74 μg/mL) in comparison with Alb. Therefore the preclinical potential of CA is much higher than widely used antihelminthic drug Alb. The results open new opportunities to explore CA as a new active antihelminthic molecule.