Enhancing the properties of PVA through modification with starch, malic acid, and phthalic anhydride

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is constrained by its low thermal resistance, high water solubility, and moderate mechanical strength, limiting its use in advanced applications. To overcome these issues, a novel, one-step bio-based modification of PVA was developed using starch, malic acid, and phthalic anhydride. The resulting biocomposite film (PVA+) is transparent, flexible, and exhibits significantly enhanced properties. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a 60°C improvement in decomposition temperature to 297.8°C. Mechanical testing revealed percent of extension increase from 262.00 ± 3.92% to 371.00 ± 6.65%, while force of strain increase from 42.000 ± 1.829 N to 54.00 ± 1.398 N. Furthermore, the film demonstrated complete insolubility in common organic solvents while maintaining 30% biodegradability over 90 days. This sustainable approach effectively enhances the performance of PVA without the use of toxic cross-linkers.