Advances in the Modification of Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon-Based Materials and Corresponding Modification Strategies

As global energy demand continues to rise and the need for environmental conservation grows more urgent, solar energy has attracted substantial attention owing to its inherent cleanliness and sustainability. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), an innovative photovoltaic technology, have shown significant improvements in photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) since their introduction. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain in enhancing efficiency and ensuring long-term stability. Naturally abundant and environmentally benign carbon materials represent a promising alternative. Incorporating carbon materials into PSCs can yield beneficial effects, such as controlling the crystallization rate of the perovskite layer, improving carrier transport properties, and realizing interface modification between various functional layers. This review systematically reviews the application of carbon materials in PSCs, including carbon nanotubes (CNT s), carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), fullerenes, and their derivatives, thereby contributing to sustainable development by enhancing resource efficiency, device stability, and environmental compatibility of PSCs.