Clonotype-Resolved Single-Cell Multi-Omics Unlocks the Profile of Tumor-Infiltrating CD39⁺CD8⁺ T Cells and Enables Adoptive Cell Therapy for Solid Tumor

. At the patient level, we further demonstrated that CD39⁺CD8⁺ TILs are enriched for effector programs and pathways linked to T-cell activation and cytotoxicity, and exhibit reduced TCR clonal diversity with pronounced clonal expansion. The intratumoral abundance of CD39⁺CD8⁺ TILs also correlated with earlier tumor stage and improved overall survival, and a CD39⁺CD8⁺ TIL-derived gene signature predicted ICI response and prognosis, supporting CD39 as a practical biomarker to enrich tumor-reactive CD8⁺ TILs and to improve adoptive cell transfer strategies in future clinical practice.