Sustainable non-ionic surfactants from epoxidised linseed oil: synthesis, interfacial properties, foaming behaviour, and emulsification performance

, consistent with Hofmeister effects. These findings demonstrate that PEG-functionalised epoxidised linseed oil is a versatile renewable platform for producing high-performance non-ionic surfactants with tunable interfacial properties for detergency, emulsification, coatings, personal care formulations and other sustainable industrial applications.