Dual Regulation of Crystallization Behavior and Hole Transport Capability Enables Efficient Pure-Red Tin-Based Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

is 340 s), respectively. Meanwhile, the optimized device exhibits a low turn-on voltage of 2.63 V, a stable electroluminescence emission peak at 628 nm, and Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.69, 0.30), which meet the BT.2020 red standard. This strategy offers a universal route toward high-performance Sn-PeLEDs.