LC–MS‐Based Metabolomics Reveals Distinct Oxidative Stress Characteristics and Mechanisms in Endothelial Cells Stimulated by Sera From Dyslipidemia Patients With Phlegm‐Dampness Retention Syndrome and Spleen and Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the distinct metabolic profiles and potential mechanisms induced in endothelial cells stimulated by serum from patients with dyslipidemia presenting with Phlegm‐Dampness Retention Syndrome (PDRS) and spleen and kidney yang deficiency syndrome (SKYDS), using LC–MS‐based metabolomics. LC–MS‐based metabolomics was employed to analyze the metabolic profiles of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to serum from dyslipidemia patients with PDRS or SKYDS. This study found that (1) No statistically significant differences ( p > 0.05) were observed in the general characteristics or disease severity between dyslipidemia patients with PDRS and those with SKYDS. (2) Principal Component Analysis (PCA; PC1 = 44.5%, PC2 = 14%, PC3 = 12.3%) and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS‐DA; t [1] p = 23.8%, t [1]O = 26.6%) indicated clear separation between the PDRS and SKYDS groups. (3) Four representative differential metabolites were identified by LC–MS, and enrichment analysis revealed seven significantly altered metabolic pathways involving multiple biochemical processes. HUVECs stimulated by serum from dyslipidemia patients with PDRS and SKYDS exhibit distinct metabolic profiles. The seven significantly altered pathways may underlie the differential metabolic mechanisms associated with these syndromes. Trial Registration China Clinical Trial Registration Center: ChiCTR2100046722