Smart cities as mortal engines: Competing for generations Y and Z through livability and digital technologies

In recent years, the rise of smart cities has marked a transformative era in urban development, redefining the way cities interact and compete for residents, businesses, and innovation, and contributing to reshaping migratory dynamics. This study explores the intricate dynamics of urban attractiveness and competition in the context of cities' smart initiatives, where advancements in digital technologies and urban livability converge to influence contemporary migratory patterns. However, despite the rhetoric of smartness and the celebratory images and outcomes of smart cities on a global scale, there is still a significant gap in understanding the effects and interactions with different individuals and behaviors. Drawing upon the push and pull theory, we empirically analyze a panel dataset of 30 Italian cities over a 13-year period (2009–2021) using a dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. Our findings reveal that while both smart living and digital advancement positively influence urban attractiveness, Generation Y is more responsive to digital implementation and urban livability than Generation Z. Moreover, we identify a complementary effect, where cities combining high levels of smart living with strong digital infrastructures exhibit higher attractiveness for both generations. These insights contribute to the literature on smart cities and generational migration, providing practical implications for policymakers on how to strategically enhance urban attractiveness.