Effectiveness and Feasibility of Virtual Reality‐Based Interventions in Improving Physical Function in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Meta‐Analysis

BACKGROUND: Improving physical function is essential for hemodialysis patients. Virtual reality-based methods are practical, well-tolerated, and easily integrated into care. METHODS: A meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of virtual reality-based interventions on physical function and their clinical feasibility for patients undergoing hemodialysis. Scientific literature published between January 2002 and June 2024 was searched in six databases. The standardized mean differences were determined using the upper and lower limits of 95% confidence intervals. Publication bias was evaluated using the Egger test and visualized using a funnel plot. RESULTS: Five studies were included in this meta-analysis. The types of virtual reality-based interventions were "treasure hunt" video games (n = 1), Wii Fit Plus games (n = 2), and A la Caza del Tesoro (ACT) video games (n = 2). The effects of virtual reality-based interventions on various measures of physical function, including the sit-stand test, 6-min walk test, timed stand-walk test, walking speed test, and handgrip strength test, were examined; significantly beneficial effects have been observed on many parameters. Furthermore, VR-based interventions did not cause any adverse effects on hemodynamic measurements. Methodological quality analysis revealed four good quality and one medium quality study. Egger testing showed no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that virtual reality-based interventions can enhance physical function and are feasible both physiological and behavioral. Nurses and other healthcare professionals can use virtual reality-based interventions to maintain or improve physical function by facilitating adherence.