Crystallization Kinetics of Perovskite Films by a Green Mixture Antisolvent for Efficient NiOx-Based Inverted Solar Cells

Environment-friendly antisolvents are critical for obtaining highly efficient, reproducible, and sustainable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we introduced a green mixture antisolvent of ethyl acetate-isopropanol (EA/IPA) to finely regulate the crystal grain growth and related film properties, including the morphology, crystal structure, and chemical composition of the perovskite thin film. The IPA with suitable content in EA plays a key role in achieving a smooth and compact high-quality perovskite thin film, leading to the suppression of film defect-induced nonradiative recombination. As a result, the PSCs based on the EA/IPA (5:1) antisolvent showed a power conversion efficiency of 22.9% with an open-circuit voltage of 1.17 V.