Characterizing the distinct neuroanatomical phenotypes, cognitive profiles, and transcriptomic signatures of brain structural subtypes in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment

Study findings provide evidence that PD-MCI encompasses biologically distinct subtypes. These subtypes have divergent neuroanatomical patterns, microstructural properties, cognitive profiles, and molecular mechanisms. Multimodal approach reveals fundamental disease heterogeneity and establishes a framework for precision medicine in Parkinson's disease cognitive impairment. Sex-specific distribution across subtypes indicates biological sex should be considered an integral component of PD-MCI heterogeneity rather than a confounding factor. This distribution has important implications for developing sex-specific therapeutic strategies.