Near-infrared light and magnetic field dual-responsive 3D printed scaffolds for sequential treatment of infected bone defects

antimicrobial rate of 99.97 ± 0.1%. Secondly, it effectively removed reactive oxygen species and prevented the pro-inflammatory M1 polarization of macrophages in the infected bone defect microenvironment, creating favorable conditions for bone reconstruction. Moreover, during the reconstruction stage, the magnetic composite scaffold, when combined with a static magnetic field, promoted osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling, thereby accelerating bone repair. Thus, this study provides new insights and methods for the sequential treatment of infected bone defects.