Nanomaterial-based gene delivery in plants: an upcoming genetic revolution?

Conventional gene-delivery methods in plant genetic engineering, such as electroporation and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, face limitations such as species dependency, low efficiency, high cost, and undesirable DNA integration into the host genome. Integrating nanotechnology with existing molecular techniques offers a promising solution. Nanocarriers can precisely target tissues, cells, and organelles by penetrating biological barriers and protecting the cargo from degradation. The nanocarrier-based gene delivery approach addresses challenges, such as collateral damage and inefficient DNA integration, and paves the way for the development of crops with desired traits. Future research should optimize nanocarriers for efficient and precise gene delivery while minimizing off-target effects. Sustainable, cost-effective materials can enhance large-scale agricultural applications, thereby revolutionizing crop production for global food security and advancing sustainable practices.