The current and emerging Klotho-enhancement strategies

Klotho is well known as a gene with antiaging properties. It has membrane and soluble forms, providing a unique system that controls various metabolic processes essential to health and disease. Klotho deficiency has been revealed to be associated with various aging-related disorders. Based on its various known and unknown protective properties, upregulating the Klotho gene may be a possible therapeutic and/or preventive approach in aging-related complications. Some agents, such as hormonal compounds, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, antioxidants, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists, statins, vitamin D receptor agonists, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling inhibitors, and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitors, can possibly lead to the upregulation and elevation of Klotho levels. Demethylation and deacetylation of the Klotho gene can also be considered other possible Klotho-enhancement methods. Some emerging techniques, such as RNA modifications, gene therapy, gene editing, and exosome therapy, probably have the potential to be applied for increasing Klotho. In the present study, these current and emerging Klotho-enhancement strategies and their underlying mechanisms were comprehensively reviewed, which could highlight some potential avenues for future research.