Flexibility by association? No evidence for an influence of cue–transition associations on voluntary task switching.

Some situations require cognitive flexibility, whereas others call for cognitive stability. Recent theories posit lower-level associative learning processes as the basis of contextual control. The present study incorporates six experiments to investigate whether cognitive flexibility can be triggered by task-irrelevant color cues in the task-switching paradigm. In the first learning phase, the cue colors were repeatedly paired with certain task transitions (repetition, switch) without explicit instruction. In the following test phase, voluntary trials were intermixed (where participants can freely choose the task) to measure the voluntary switch rate (VSR) in response to the color cues. For Experiment 2a, cue size and duration were increased, and the learning phase was extended. Additionally, in Experiment 2b, the second half of the test phase consisted of 100% free choices. Experiment 3 contained catch trials to ensure cue processing. In Experiment 4, two tasks of unequal difficulty were used. Experiments 1-4 provided evidence for the null hypothesis indicating no effect of the transition association on the VSR (all BF₁₀ < 0.265). The control Experiment 5 ruled out that the null effect was due to the insensitivity of the paradigm. Therefore, flexibility by association appears to be harder to achieve than recent accounts suggest. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).