Graphene‐Based Enzymatic and Non‐Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensors: Review of Current Research and Advances in Nanotechnology

Abstract The determination of the body's glucose level is a difficult job that has served as the foundation for substantial research efforts in biosensing applications. Recent advances in material engineering and synthesis methodologies have had a significant influence on the development of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic sensors for glucose detection that may be used in managing diabetes, food technology, and clinical, and bio‐processing applications. The intricate fabrication, detecting principles and phenomena involved, material alterations, and design to improve sensor performance. There is a great need for high‐efficiency, low‐cost blood glucose sensors that may be used on industrial and domestic scales. This review is primarily intended to shed light on the current state of knowledge about the use of graphene. The performance of non‐enzymatic glucose sensors is comprehensively compared with that of enzymatic electrochemical sensors based on graphene. This study will go over the research efforts that have been conducted to build biosensors employing nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, and metal sulfides. The manufacturing of the very sensitive enzyme‐free glucose biosensor will be thoroughly discussed. A thorough examination of the use of graphene as a co‐catalyst to improve the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors for glucose detection is also provided.