State-of-the-art for the development of Cu-based heterogeneous catalysts for efficient utilization of furfural to value chemicals via liquid-phase and gas-phase reactions

In the present review, we aim to provide important insights into copper-based heterogeneous catalytic systems and discuss the conversion of furfural (FF) through hydrogenation. Each discussed catalyst and the support used for the catalytic reactions play a vital role in the reaction mechanism along with different factors enhancing the catalytic activity. Also, the importance of Cu-based materials along with support, the importance of solvent in the liquid-phase reaction, and the importance of pre-reduction of catalysts are explained in detail. In addition, the superior activity of the catalyst and a few reports from the last decade for Cu-based catalytic systems have been summarized along with the tabulation of different synthesis procedures, mechanistic study, and detailed descriptions with tables and figures. Finally, the conclusions with future aspects for the development of the catalytic hydrogenation process via Cu-based catalytic systems are overviewed.