Single-base editing in IGF2 improves meat production and intramuscular fat deposition in Liang Guang Small Spotted pigs

Abstract Background Chinese indigenous pigs are popular with consumers for their juiciness, flavour and meat quality, but they have lower meat production. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a maternally imprinted growth factor that promotes skeletal muscle growth by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within intron 3 of porcine IGF2 disrupts a binding site for the repressor, zinc finger BED-type containing 6 (ZBED6), leading to up-regulation of IGF2 and causing major effects on muscle growth, heart size, and backfat thickness. This favorable mutation is common in Western commercial pig populations, but absent in most Chinese indigenous pig breeds. To improve meat production of Chinese indigenous pigs, we used cytosine base editor 3 (CBE3) to introduce IGF2 -intron3-C3071T mutation into porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) isolated from a male Liang Guang Small Spotted pig (LGSS), and single-cell clones harboring the desired mutation were selected for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate the founder line of IGF2 T/T pigs. Results We found the heterozygous progeny IGF2 C/T pigs exhibited enhanced expression of IGF2 , increased lean meat by 18%–36%, enlarged loin muscle area by 3%–17%, improved intramuscular fat (IMF) content by 18%–39%, marbling score by 0.75–1, meat color score by 0.53–1.25, and reduced backfat thickness by 5%–16%. The enhanced accumulation of intramuscular fat in IGF2 C/T pigs was identified to be regulated by the PI3K-AKT/AMPK pathway, which activated SREBP1 to promote adipogenesis. Conclusions We demonstrated the introduction of IGF2 -intron3-C3071T in Chinese LGSS can improve both meat production and quality, and first identified the regulation of IMF deposition by IGF2 through SREBP1 via the PI3K-AKT/AMPK signaling pathways. Our study provides a further understanding of the biological functions of IGF2 and an example for improving porcine economic traits through precise base editing.