Lactiplantibacillus biofilm and planktonic cells ameliorate ulcerative colitis in mice via immunoregulatory activity, gut metabolism and microbiota modulation

abundance. Untargeted metabolomics analysis results suggested that the LR-1 biofilm was more successful in promoting the intestinal metabolism recovery of the UC mice than the planktonic cells. Finally, the phenotype-microbiota-metabolism network was conducted to reveal the relationship between these factors.