Spatial patterns of historical and cultural blocks based on multisource data and protection and development strategies within the context of urban renewal: a case study of Xi’an, China

As global urbanisation accelerates, historical and cultural blocks, the treasures of cultural heritage, hold great significance for urban development. Previous studies mainly focused on spatial patterns of such blocks through space syntax, street accessibility, and local memory. A greater focus on quantitative spatial patterns and tailored preservation and development strategies is needed, especially in northwestern Chinese cities. This study focused on Xi’an, China’s ancient capital, using global Moran’s I, kernel density analysis, standard deviation ellipse and other methods to reveal the spatial distribution of historical and cultural blocks. The findings indicated a northeast- and southwest-trending clustered distribution with varying density, a central core, and multiple nodes. To maintain the integrity of Xi’an’s historical and cultural blocks, scholars recommended critical commercialisation assessment, cultural identity reinforcement, infrastructure enhancement, and harmonisation with the surrounding landscape. The results provide novel strategies for the sustainable development of Xi’an and serve as crucial references for protecting similar districts worldwide.