Advanced room-temperature cured encapsulant film for crystalline silicon solar modules: enhancing efficiency with luminescent down-shifting, flame retardancy, and UV resistance

) by 3.5% and overall PCE by 5.7%. Additionally, APCDs enhance flame retardancy in CAS films, increasing the limiting oxygen index from 29.3% to 32.0%, while reducing peak heat release and peak CO release by 20.2% and 38.9%, respectively. Moreover, APCDs absorb UV light and convert it into visible light, mitigating CAS film degradation. The aged CAS/1.0APCDs film exhibits superior morphology and mechanical properties compared to aged CAS film, maintaining 68.9% light transmission. Overall, this study introduces the development of room-temperature cured LDS layers with extended lifespan and flame retardant characteristics, offering promising applications in solar energy technology.