Exploring formulation, manufacture and characterisation techniques of lamellar gel networks in hair conditioners: A review

The interconnected nature of lamellar gel networks (LGNs) imparts, amongst other beneficial properties, unique rheological behaviours and superior stability which make them highly popular for the formulation of cream-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, notably hair conditioner. However thus far, little attention has been given to the combined role of formulation and processing techniques in creating an LGN structure. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive insight into the effects of formulation, processing conditions and manufacturing equipment on the structure and properties of LGNs, and how these properties might be assessed. Areas of future research for hair conditioner manufacture are identified, including the leveraging of digital tools such as process analytical technology and machine learning for a deeper understanding of product structure under diverse condition. These approaches are a critical step in the development of the next generation of sustainably manufactured formulated products.