Peptide-assembled nanoparticles targeting tumor cells and tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy

Graphical Abstract The interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells create the tumor microenvironment (TME) which largely affects the cancer progression. The stromal cells can be grouped into three general classes: angiogenic vascular cells, infiltrating immune cells, and tumor fibrosis-related cells. This review introduces the peptide-assembled nanoparticles targeting tumor cells and three types of stromal cells for cancer therapy.