A comprehensive review of the spoilage of shrimp and advances in various indicators/sensors for shrimp spoilage monitoring

Shrimp is a popular internationally traded shellfish due to its unique taste, texture, and nutritional value. Shrimp is highly perishable because it has enough free amino acids, high moisture levels, non-nitrogenous compounds used for microbial growth, and melanosis. Shrimp spoilage after death is caused by various reasons, like autolysis (endogenous proteinases actions during shrimp storage), growth of spoilage microorganisms, ATP degradation, melanin formation, and lipid peroxidation. A microbial byproduct, total volatile basic nitrogen, is one of the major reasons for the generation of foul odors from shrimp spoilage. Shrimp freshness monitoring is crucial for market sellers and exporters. Traditional methods for estimating shrimp freshness are expensive and inaccessible to the general public. Sensors are rapid, sensitive, selective, and portable food toxins' detection tools, devoid of expensive instruments, skilled people, sample pretreatment, and a long detection time. This review addresses shrimp spoilage causes. The mechanisms of different stages of shrimp spoilage after death, like rigor mortis, dissolution of rigor mortis, autolysis, and microbial spoilage mechanisms, are discussed. This review highlights the last five years' advances in shrimp freshness detection sensors and indicators like colorimetric pH indicators, fluorescence sensors, electronic noses, and biosensors, their working principles, and their sensitivities. Commercially available indicators and sensors for shrimp spoilage monitoring are also discussed. A review highlighting the applications of the different sensors and indicators for monitoring shrimp freshness is unavailable to date. Challenges and future perspectives in this field are explained at the end.