Stibium: A Promising Electrode toward Building High-Performance Na-Ion Full-Cells

Antimony-based materials are promising anode candidates for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity of 660 mAh g–1 (Na3Sb). In fact, antimony-based alloying and conversion-alloying electrodes exhibit high capacity and cycling stability, with newly developed strategies to overcome the common problem of volume expansion, all leading to renewed interest in antimony-based NIB materials. In this review, we discuss the performance of antimony-based materials for energy storage and conversion devices such as NIBs, Na-ion fuel cells, sea-water batteries, and Na-air batteries. This review also tackles common issues in NIBs that employ antimony-based materials (e.g., Sb–carbon composite and Sb2X3 (X – O, and S), as well as several strategies that can be adopted to address these limitations.