Detection of Phenylketonuria Markers Using a ZIF-67 Encapsulated PtPd Alloy Nanoparticle (PtPd@ZIF-67)-Based Disposable Electrochemical Microsensor

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a common disease in congenital disorder of amino acid metabolism, which can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, and mental disorders. We report herein a facile method to screen for PKU by the measurements of its metabolites (markers). In this work, a disposable electrochemical microsensor modified with a ZIF (zeolitic imidazolate framework)-based nanocomposite is constructed, in which ZIF-67 crystals are encapsulated with PtPd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) forming the nanocomposite (PtPd@ZIF-67). According to electrochemical measurements, the PtPd@ZIF-67-modified microsensor shows good responses and selectivity to phenylpyruvic acid and phenylacetic acid, while almost no response toward other amino acid analogues is observed. Here, a new sensing mechanism based on the acylation reaction between the imidazole linker in ZIF-67 and carboxyl in PKU markers has been proposed and verified through the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study. Moreover, the encapsulated PtPd NPs elevate the electron transfer capability of the PtPd@ZIF-67-modified microsensor and further improve the electrochemical sensing performance. Finally, we demonstrate that the developed PtPd@ZIF-67-modified microsensor has the possibility to sensing of PKU markers with high response and good specificity and may be extended to exploit the point-of-care rapid PKU screening.