The meaning of pride across cultures

In theory pride is a prime candidate for cultural differences, but empirical evidence is largely lacking. In this study, we investigated cross-cultural differences in the meaning of pride at three levels: (1) at the level of emotion dimensions, (2) at the level of specific aspects of pride, and (3) at the level of specific items. The extent of cultural variation in the meaning of pride was limited. The cultural differences that were found related most often to expressive aspects of pride, in contrast to experiential aspects of pride