Counseling Students' Perceptions of Supervisory Modalities

In this study, graduate students in counseling at various levels of training were surveyed regarding their preferences for and use of various modalities of supervision, and their views of the strengths and weaknesses of these modalities. Findings revealed differences in use of supervision modalities for beginning, intermediate, and advanced trainees, but no differences in preferences, and low usage of supervisory modalities that are rated by students as having the most strengths. Implications for developmental theories of supervision and for counselor preparation programs are discussed.