Calibration and confidence: Where to next?

One of the key feedback questions is “where to next?” and this article provides some directions as to where to next for research based on a review of the five articles in this special issue. The directions relate to the critical importance of calibration, the multidimensionality of calibration, the relation of calibration to self-regulation strategies, whether calibration is specific to the task or more general within the student, how to measure calibration, how much confidence should be given to partial knowledge when calibrating, the role of overconfidence and knowing “when one does not know”, and how to improve the accuracy of judgments.