3D-Printed hydroxysafflor yellow A/hydrogel porous scaffolds for bone regeneration

, the scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and concurrently enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and the angiogenic activity of HUVECs. In a rat cranial defect model, this dual bioactivity resulted in a bone volume fraction close to 35% at 8 weeks, accompanied by significantly improved local blood perfusion. By synergistically merging a traditional Chinese medicine-derived active molecule with advanced 3D printing technology, this study offers a promising strategy for vascularized bone regeneration.