Nano priming effects on seed vigour and disease resistance in cereal crops

In order to promote crop establishment, stress tolerance, and plant health, Nano priming a novel method to seed enhancement combines nanotechnology with seed priming techniques. This review focuses on how Nano priming improves cereal crops' physiological performance, disease resistance, and seed vigor. Zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe), silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and carbon-based nanomaterials are examples of nanoparticles with special physicochemical characteristics that allow them to control metabolic and biochemical processes during seed germination. These characteristics include high surface area, increased reactivity, and improved penetration ability. It has been shown that Nano priming increases enzyme activity, especially α-amylase, which improves seed reserve mobilization and speeds germination. Additionally, it affects the balance of plant hormones by raising gibberellin (GA) activity and decreasing abscisic acid (ABA) levels, which encourages seedling development and emergence. Additionally, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase enzyme activity are elevated in Nano primed seeds, indicating improved antioxidant defense mechanisms that support cellular redox homeostasis under stressful situations. Additionally, research has shown that Nano priming enhances micronutrient accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll production, root growth, and nutrient absorption in crops including wheat, maize, and rice. By activating defense-related enzymes and signalling pathways, Nano priming not only promotes growth but also strengthens plant defences against bacterial, nematode, and fungal diseases. Despite these benefits, there are still challenges with long-term deposition in soil and plant tissues, environmental safety, and ideal nanoparticle concentrations that prevent widespread agricultural application. In order to guarantee the safe and efficient use of Nano priming in sustainable agricultural systems, future research should prioritize field-based validation, biosafety evaluation, and the creation of standardized application methods.