Strongly coupling Cu with MoP for high-efficiency electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion and zinc-nitrate battery applications

The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) offers a sustainable route for ammonia synthesis and environmental remediation but faces challenges such as sluggish kinetics and competing hydrogen evolution. This study aims to address these limitations by designing a Cu/molybdenum phosphide (MoP) heterostructure catalyst through one-pot calcination, which integrates Cu nanoparticles with MoP nanograins. Structural and electronic analyses confirm the formation of intimate Cu–MoP interfaces, where charge redistribution polarizes Cu to an electron-deficient state (Cu δ+ ) and enriches MoP with electrons. This configuration enhances nitrate adsorption on Cu δ+ , while MoP efficiently supplies protons via accelerated water dissociation. The Cu/MoP catalyst achieves a record-high NH 3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 98.93% and a yield rate of 30.72 mmol h −1 cm −2 at −0.5 V (vs. RHE), outperforming isolated Cu or MoP. When deployed in a Zn-nitrate battery, the composite cathode delivers a peak power density of 12.97 mW cm −2 . This work provides a promising solution to the insufficient active hydrogen supply and poor NH 3 conversion efficiency of Cu-based nitrate reduction catalysts.