Autonomic Dysfunction in Gastroduodenal Disorders Evaluated through Multimodal Non-Invasive Physiological Testing

Abstract Background Chronic gastroduodenal disorders are highly prevalent and encompass heterogeneous pathophysiology. Autonomic dysfunction may contribute, but its relative contribution to disease pathophysiology and symptoms is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the contributions of autonomic dysfunction in gastroduodenal disorders and symptom associations using multimodal testing, hypothesizing that distinct disorder subgroups would be revealed. Methods This prospective observational cohort study included 80 patients with chronic gastroduodenal symptoms. Participants underwent expert clinician-led autonomic evaluation, body surface gastric mapping (BSGM; Gastric Alimetry®, New Zealand), and gastric emptying scintigraphy testing. BSGM phenotyping, gastric emptying cut-offs, and autonomic criteria followed standard criteria. Results Gastroparesis was diagnosed in 27 (33.8%) patients. Autonomic dysfunction was present in 21 (26.3%) patients, and abnormal BSGM in 20 (25%). Autonomic dysfunction and abnormal BSGM were both more prevalent in gastroparesis (51.9% vs. 13.2%, p=0.001; and 44.4% vs. 15.1%, p=0.005, respectively). However, these diagnoses tended not to overlap, with patients having autonomic dysfunction generally exhibiting normal BSGM tests. Autonomic dysfunction independently predicted delayed gastric emptying (OR 13.8, p<0.001) and was associated with earlier meal responses (higher ‘meal response ratio’, p=0.04) and worse postprandial distress symptoms (p<0.05). Conclusions Autonomic dysfunction independently predicted delayed gastric emptying and revealed a gastroparesis mechanism distinct from gastric myoelectrical impairment. Autonomic dysfunction altered the postprandial gastric motor response and was associated with a greater symptom burden. Multimodal physiological testing including autonomic profiling reveals distinct mechanistic subgroups in patients with chronic gastroduodenal symptoms.