Magnetic–enzymatic synergy driven photoelectrochemical aptasensor on a microfluidic chip for sub-pM kanamycin detection

spike-recovery tests in real samples. By unifying enzymatic catalysis, magnetic microfluidics, and nanomaterial-engineered photoelectrochemistry, this work establishes a paradigm for decentralized biosensing that bridges laboratory-grade sensitivity with point-of-need practicality, addressing critical gaps in antibiotic monitoring for food safety and environmental surveillance.