A Review: Sources, Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose

Nanocellulose, derived from abundant lignocellulosic biomass, has emerged as a transformative material with unparalleled versatility across industries. This review systematically analyzes its sources, extraction methods, and multidimensional applications. Key findings include: (1) Plant fiber hierarchy dictates nanocellulose properties, with wood-derived cellulose offering high crystallinity and agricultural waste enabling cost-effective production. (2) Acid hydrolysis remains dominant for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), while mechanical methods yield high-aspect-ratio cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). (3) Nanocellulose’s mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry drive innovations in energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors), biosensors (e.g., glucose monitoring), and biomedical engineering (e.g., 3D-printed scaffolds). Challenges in scalability and sustainability persist, necessitating green synthesis and standardized protocols. This work underscores nanocellulose’s potential as a cornerstone of the circular bioeconomy.