Self‐Powered Glucose Biosensor Based on Non‐Enzymatic Biofuel Cells by Au Nanocluster/Pd Nanocube Heterostructure and Fe 3 C@C‐Fe Single‐Atom Catalyst

Self-powered biosensors (SPBs) based on biofuel cells (BFCs) use electrical output as a sensing signal without the need of external power supplies, providing a feasible approach to constructing miniaturized implantable or portable devices. In this work, a novel nanozyme of gold nanoclusters/palladium nanocubes (AuNCs/PdNCs) heterostructure is successfully fabricated to develop an innovatively self-powered and non-enzymatic glucose sensing system. The AuNCs/PdNCs with glucose oxidase (GOD)-like activity exhibits superior electrocatalytic and non-enzymatic sensing performance toward glucose. The non-enzymatic BFCs-based SPBs system, established on the AuNCs/PdNCs (anodic catalyst) and single atomic Fe sites coupled with carbon-encapsulated Fe₃C crystals (Fe₃C@C-Fe SACs as a cathodic catalyst) platform, exhibits an exceptional sensitivity to glucose with 0.151 µW cm^-2 mm^-1 (3.4 times higher than the PdNCs), outstanding selectivity and robust stability. The outstanding performance of the BFCs-based SPBs system can be attributed to the synergistic cooperation between the PdNCs and AuNCs.