Novel Perspectives on Nanotechnological and Biomedical Implications of Monotherapy or Combination Regimen of Lactoferrin

Abstract: Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein molecule with a wide variety of physiological properties. LF has broadspectrum antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antitumor, and possesses immunomodulatory properties to regulate immunity and gastrointestinal function. The main aim of this review is to explore the recent investigations on the functional role of LF against several human disorders and diseases through monotherapy or combinatorial regimens with other biological/chemotherapeutic agents through novel nanoformulations. We significantly searched public databases such as Pubmed, National Library of Medicine, relemed, Scopus and collected published reports pertaining to these recent reports on lactoferrin as a monotherapy or combination therapy, and its nanoformulations. We have discussed vividly the role of LF as a growth factor with substantial potential that can promote cell growth and regeneration potential for repairing tissues such as bone, skin, mucosa, and tendons. In addition, we have discussed novel perspectives on the role of LF as an inductive factor for the proliferation of stem cells in tissue recovery and discussed its novel modulating effects in ameliorating cancer and microbial growth through several signaling cascades via monotherapy or combinatorial regimens. Furthermore, the regeneration potential of this protein is reviewed to explore the efficacy and prospects of new treatment methods. This review benefits various microbiologists, stem cell therapists, and oncologists to explore the efficacy of LF in several segments of medicine by examining its ability as a stem cell differentiation factor, and anticancer agent or antimicrobial agent through novel formulations in preclinical or clinical study.