Development of Figure‐of‐Nine Laser Cavity for Mode‐Locked Fiber Lasers: A Review

Abstract Artificial saturable absorbers (SA) are nonlinear optical devices widely employed in mode‐locked lasers. Among the artificial SAs are nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) and nonlinear amplifying loop mirrors that can work in either figure‐of‐eight (Fo8) or figure‐of‐nine (Fo9) laser cavities. The NPE technique is highly sensitive to environmental perturbations. Both Fo8 and Fo9 laser cavities exhibit a higher environmental stability than the NPE technique. Here the recent advances of the Fo9 laser cavity, with a focus on the pulse formation mechanisms and the role of different cavity parameters that can enable ultrafast mode‐locking analyses are discussed. Besides, the recent development of using the Fo9 laser cavity to generate high‐energy rectangular laser pulses through either dissipative soliton resonance or noise‐like pulse regimes is also reviewed. In conclusion, the current issues and challenges of pulse formation through the Fo9 laser cavity are highlighted and recommendations for future research directions are proposed. This review is expected to provide a deeper insight into the Fo9 laser cavity as the next generation of artificial SA with interesting cavity structures, laser features, and output performances.