Graphene for the development of the next-generation of biocomposites for dental and medical applications

Graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are 2D carbon-based materials with remarkable physical, chemical and biological properties. Graphene sheets have high specific surface area and mechanical strength. Moreover, they have been shown to influence the differentiation of stem cells and to improve properties of biomaterials.Here, we present the recent achievements on the use of graphene and its derivatives to improve properties and enhance bioactivity of biomaterials. We also discuss the biosafety constraints to be solved to translate these carbonaceous materials to the clinic.Graphene and its derivatives can be functionalized and further modified with several bioactive molecules. They can be combined with several biomaterials used in regenerative and reconstructive dentistry and medicine. The resultant graphene-modified composites often present improved physico-mechanical properties and enhanced bioactivity. Moreover, graphene-modified composites are promising candidates to deliver growth factors, drugs and others bioactive compounds.Graphene can improve the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of biomaterials. As it can be functionalized and combined with several biomolecules, graphene holds enormous potential to be used as drug carriers or substrates and scaffolds for cell-based tissue engineering strategies.