The effects of tumour necrosis factor‐α on bone cells involved in periodontal alveolar bone loss; osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes

Periodontitis is the most common bone loss pathology in adults and if left untreated is responsible for premature tooth loss. Cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor‐α ( TNF α), involved in the chronic inflammatory response within the periodontal gingiva, significantly influence the normal bone remodelling processes. In this review, the effects of TNF α on bone metabolism in periodontitis are evaluated in relation to its direct and indirect actions on bone cells including osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Evidence published to date suggests a potent catabolic role for TNF α through the stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption as well as the suppression of osteoblastic bone formation and osteocytic survival. However, the extent and timing of TNF α exposure in vitro and in vivo greatly influences its effect on skeletal cells, with contradictory anabolic activity observed with TNF α in a number of studies. None the less, it is evident that managing the chronic inflammatory response in addition to the deregulated bone metabolism is required to improve periodontal and inflammatory bone loss treatments‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬.