Combinatorial interactions of Hox genes establish appendage diversity of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis

Abstract Hox genes establish regional identity along the anterior-posterior axis in diverse animals. Changes in Hox expression can induce striking homeotic transformations, where one region of the body is transformed into another. Previous work in Drosophila has demonstrated that Hox cross-regulatory interactions are crucial for maintaining proper Hox expression. One major mechanism is the phenomenon of “posterior prevalence”, wherein anterior Hox genes are repressed by more posterior Hox genes. Loss of posterior Hox expression under this model would predict posterior-to-anterior transformations, as is frequently observed in Drosophila . While posterior prevalence is thought to occur in many animals, studies of such Hox cross-regulation have focused on a limited number of organisms. In this paper, we examine the cross-regulatory interactions of three Hox genes, Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal-A (abd-A) , and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) in patterning thoracic and abdominal appendages in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis . Studies of Hox function in Parhyale have previously revealed two striking phenotypes which differed markedly from what a “posterior prevalence” model would predict, including non-contiguous and anterior-to-posterior transformations. We probe the logic of Parhyale Hox cross-regulation by using CRISPR/Cas9 to systematically examine all combinations of Ubx, abd-A , and Abd-B loss of function in Parhyale . By analyzing homeotic phenotypes and examining the expression of additional Hox genes, we reveal Hox cross-regulatory interactions in Parhyale . From these data, we also demonstrate that some Parhyale Hox genes function combinatorially to specify posterior limb identity, rather than abiding by a posterior prevalence mechanism. These results provide evidence that combinatorial Hox interactions may be responsible for the tremendous body plan diversity of crustaceans. Graphical Abstract