The origins of neurological dysfunction resulting from neural injury and disease are complex, as are the processes involved in neural repair, reorganization, and recovery of function. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair involve a set of molecular, cellular, network, and systemic responses that are becoming better characterized with advances in rehabilitation neuroscience. Application of this knowledge has been increasingly beneficial in shaping more effective clinical rehabilitation. Utilization of new technologies, such as advanced neuroimaging techniques, robotics, brain–computer interfaces, and smart prostheses, will transform neurorehabilitation going forward.