Argentine tango dance compared to mindfulness meditation and a waiting-list control: A randomised trial for treating depression

Summary Objectives To determine whether tango dancing is as effective as mindfulness meditation in reducing symptoms of psychological stress, anxiety and depression, and in promoting well-being. Design This study employed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multiple regression analysis. Participants Ninety-seven people with self-declared depression were randomised into tango dance or mindfulness meditation classes, or to control/waiting-list. Setting classes were conducted in a venue suitable for both activities in the metropolitan area of Sydney, Australia. Interventions Participants completed six-week programmes (1½h/week of tango or meditation). The outcome measures were assessed at pre-test and post-test. Main outcome measures Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; The Self Esteem Scale; Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Results Sixty-six participants completed the program and were included in the statistical analysis. Depression levels were significantly reduced in the tango (effect size d =0.50, p =.010), and meditation groups (effect size d =0.54, p =.025), relative to waiting-list controls. Stress levels were significantly reduced only in the tango group (effect size d =0.45, p =.022). Attending tango classes was a significant predictor for the increased levels of mindfulness R 2 =.10, adjusted R 2 =.07, F (2,59)=3.42, p =.039. Conclusion Mindfulness-meditation and tango dance could be effective complementary adjuncts for the treatment of depression and/or inclusion in stress management programmes. Subsequent trials are called to explore the therapeutic mechanisms involved.