CD19 or CD20 CAR T Cell Therapy Demonstrates Durable Antitumor Efficacy in Patients with Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Patients with central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas have a poor prognosis. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T cells have shown remarkable efficacy for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, few studies have reported the effects of CAR T cells in the treatment of CNS lymphoma, and the duration of remission is short. In this study, seven CNS lymphoma patients (six patients with secondary CNS lymphomas and one patient with primary CNS lymphoma) were treated with CD19 or CD20 CAR T cell therapy, and the clinical efficacy and toxicity profiles were evaluated. All patients responded to CAR T cell therapy. Four patients achieved complete remission (CR), while three demonstrated partial remission. We also found that either CD19 or CD20 CAR T cells could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of four patients. The median progression-free survival and median overall survival were not assessed. The median duration of CR was 22.4 months. Five patients (5/7) in this cohort received combination therapy (bridging with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and programmed death-1 inhibitor for maintenance treatment) and three (3/7) received CAR T cell therapy as soon as possible after the relapse of CNS lymphoma. This could help explain why these patients achieved long-term remission. After a median follow-up of 10.4 months, three patients demonstrated disease progression, and the antigen loss of CD20 was confirmed as the reason for relapse in one patient. The results of this study suggest that CD19 or CD20 CAR T cells are effective against CNS lymphoma. This research was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn (No. ChiCTR2000036350).