Trace-Driven Offline Digital Twin Framework for Tactical Operational Planning and GHG Assessment at Tanjung Priok International Container Port, Indonesia

Container ports are pressured for efficiency while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under decarbonization rules. Simulation-based operational planning frameworks are increasingly being explored for container terminal decarbonization and coordination analysis. This study fills the gap by developing a trace-driven offline digital twin (DT) framework integrated with a discrete event simulation model decision support for tactical planning and emissions assessment at Tanjung Priok International Container Port. Historical terminal operating system data were used to reproduce real operational conditions and evaluate alternative operational strategies without disrupting live terminal operations. Using deterministic simulations, the effects of coordination strategies, such as yard allocation, equipment deployment, and truck–vessel synchronization, on crane productivity, turnaround time, equipment utilization, and emissions were analyzed. The strategies impacted productivity, truck turnaround time, equipment utilization, and lifecycle GHG emissions. Monte Carlo simulations, the uncertainty and variability of environmental outcomes under different operational conditions were analyzed. The results show that coordination-based strategies outperform simple expansion in reducing congestion and emissions. Truck–vessel synchronization strategies and workload redistribution across yard space and time provide substantial operational and environmental benefits. The proposed framework should therefore be interpreted as a trace-driven offline DT discrete event simulation environment for tactical scenario evaluation rather than a fully synchronized real-time digital twin.