Tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms and lymph node co-drainage shape T cell immunity in the upper digestive system and pancreatic cancer progression

The liver, pancreas, and duodenum share lymph nodes (LNs), providing a unique system to examine how tissue origin of self-antigens shapes T cell fate. Comparing mice expressing ovalbumin (OVA) from distinct subcellular compartments, we found that cytosolic OVA from liver or pancreas, but not gut, was immunologically ignored. High-dose hepatic secreted OVA triggered antigen-specific T cell deletion, whereas secreted pancreatic and intestinal OVA induced regulatory T (Treg) cells, revealing immunological ignorance, clonal deletion and Treg cell generation as tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms. Of these, LN co-drainage only influenced Treg cell induction, establishing gut-pancreas-liver axes: Intestinal viral infection rendered hepatocyte- and exocrine pancreas-specific T cells inflammatory; liver injury promoted pancreas- and gut-directed responses. These self-reactive T cells caused tissue destruction but enhanced pancreatic tumor control when neoantigen OVA was secreted but not cytosolic. Thus, LN co-drainage and tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms jointly shape immune homeostasis and disease susceptibility in the upper digestive system.