Description of Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD)

The processing of metallic materials through the application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) has now become of major importance in many research laboratories around the world. Besides, SPD processing routes and regimes for grain refinement were established for various metals and alloys, thus triggering a new trend in materials science and engineering dealing with the production of bulk nanostructured materials by SPD processing. The major methods for the fabrication of ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials that are already established together with high-pressure torsion (HPT) and equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) include multidirectional forging (MDF), accumulative roll bonding (ARB), cyclic extrusion and compression (CEC), repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS), and twist extrusion (TE).